Exploring the Linguistic Landscape of Peshawar: Space, Policies and Community’s Voice

Abstract

This study explores the linguistic landscape of Peshawar by focusing on three interrelated dimensions: physical space, language policies, and residents’ attitudes towards spatial practices. Theoretically, the study is grounded in Trumper-Hecht’s three-dimensional theory of space. A total of 753 signs were collected from three key survey areas in Peshawar—Qissa Khawani Bazaar, Saddar Bazaar, and University Road—and analyzed to determine the visibility and dominance of languages. The 1973 Constitution of Pakistan was examined to understand the state's language policy. Additionally, interviews were conducted with 15 onlookers to gain insights into community attitudes toward language use in public spaces. The findings reveal that English is the most dominant language in Peshawar’s public spaces, followed by Urdu and Arabic. These three languages are recognized by state language policies, which in turn influences community preferences for their use in the linguistic landscape. In contrast, local languages remain largely absent from public signage and are not recognized in the Constitution. Nevertheless, some participants expressed a preference for the inclusion of local languages in public spaces. The study recommends incorporating local languages into all three dimensions of the linguistic landscape to promote inclusivity and cultural representation.