Smartphone Addiction and Symptoms of Brain Fog among Emerging Adults
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.55737/qjssh.v-iv(CP).24260Keywords:
Smartphone Addiction, Brain Fog Symptoms, Cognitive Symptoms, Physiological Symptoms, Psychological Symptoms, Emerging Adults, Marital Status, Employment Status, TraumaAbstract
Smartphone addiction has become an increasingly common problem in the modern digital age of emerging adults. This compulsion over smartphones usually causes a break in daily routines, lowering productivity and creating tension in social relationships. The most concerning symptom is the emergence of brain fog, which manifests as a cognitive problem through symptoms like inability to focus, forgetfulness and mental exhaustion. Present research consisted of a single main study with a sample of (N = 321) participants, consisted of both men and women of age range 18 to 29 years, mostly were Rawalpindi and Islamabad's university students. All scales and sub-scales had alpha coefficients in an acceptable range. Pearson Product-Moment correlation showed that smartphone addiction was significantly and positively correlated with brain fog symptoms. Associations of the study variables with demographics, i.e. marital status, employment status and impact of trauma faced in the last 6 months, were also studied with the help of independent sample t-tests. Married individuals were found to score higher on smartphone addiction. Furthermore, unemployed individuals were significantly higher on physiological symptoms of brain fog. Along with it, those who faced trauma scored significantly high on brain fog and all three of its symptom domains.
References
Anderson, M. (2015, October 29). Technology device ownership: 2015. Apo.org.au. https://apo.org.au/node/58353
Andrews, S., Ellis, D. A., Shaw, H., & Piwek, L. (2015). Beyond Self-Report: Tools to Compare Estimated and Real-World Smartphone Use. PLOS ONE, 10(10), e0139004. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0139004
Atik, D., & İnel Manav, A. (2023). A SCALE DEVELOPMENT STUDY: BRAIN FOG SCALE. PSYCHIATRIA DANUBINA, 35(1), 73–79. https://doi.org/10.24869/psyd.2023.73
Billieux, J., Maurage, P., Lopez-Fernandez, O., Kuss, D. J., & Griffiths, M. D. (2015). Can disordered mobile phone use be considered a behavioural addiction? An update on current evidence and a comprehensive model for future research. Current Addiction Reports, 2(2), 156–162. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40429-015-0054-y
Bremner, J. D. (2006). Traumatic stress: effects on the brain. Dialogues in Clinical Neuroscience, 8(4), 445–461. https://doi.org/10.31887/dcns.2006.8.4/jbremner
Busch, P. A., & McCarthy, S. (2021). Antecedents and consequences of problematic smartphone use: A systematic literature review of an emerging research area. Computers in Human Behavior, 114, 106414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2020.106414
Demirci, K., Akgönül, M., & Akpinar, A. (2015). Relationship of smartphone use severity with sleep quality, depression, and anxiety in university students. Journal of Behavioral Addictions, 4(2), 85–92. https://doi.org/10.1556/2006.4.2015.010
Deutsche Telekom AG (2012), “Smart Payments—How the Cell Phone Becomes a Wallet,” research report, http://www.studie-life.de/en/life-reports/smart-payments/
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., & Hall, B. J. (2019). The relationship between anxiety symptom severity and problematic smartphone use: A review of the literature and conceptual frameworks. Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 62, 45–52. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.janxdis.2018.11.005
Elhai, J. D., Levine, J. C., Dvorak, R. D., & Hall, B. J. (2017). Fear of missing out, need for touch, anxiety and depression are related to problematic smartphone use. Computers in Human Behavior, 63, 509-516. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.05.079
Fabio, R. A., Stracuzzi, A., & Lo Faro, R. (2022). Problematic smartphone use leads to behavioural and cognitive Self-Control deficits. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(12), 7445. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19127445
Gauselmann, P., Runge, Y., Jilek, C., Frings, C., Maus, H., & Tempel, T. (2022). A Relief from Mental Overload in a Digitalized World: How Context-Sensitive User Interfaces Can Enhance Cognitive Performance. International Journal of Human-computer Interaction, 39(1), 140–150. https://doi.org/10.1080/10447318.2022.2041882
Hadar, A., Hadas, I., Lazarovits, A., Alyagon, U., Eliraz, D., & Zangen, A. (2017). Answering the missed call: Initial exploration of cognitive and electrophysiological changes associated with smartphone use and abuse. PLOS ONE, 12(7), e0180094. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0180094
Hair, J.F., Black, W.C., Babin, B.J. and Anderson, R.E. (2010) Multivariate Data Analysis. 7th Edition, Pearson, New York. - References - Scientific Research Publishing. https://www.scirp.org/reference/ReferencesPapers?ReferenceID=1841396
Jomy, A., Sharma, V., & Fatima, J. (2019). Impact of Mobile Phone Use on Marital Relationship and Family Life in a Selected Residential Area of Faridabad, Haryana. International Journal of Nursing & Midwifery Research (E-ISSN: 2455-9318), 6(2&3), 52–57. https://medical.advancedresearchpublications.com/index.php/IntlJ-NursingMidwiferyResearch/article/view/71
Kwon, M., Lee, J., Won, W., Park, J., Min, J., Hahn, C., Gu, X., Choi, J., & Kim, D. (2013). Development and Validation of a Smartphone Addiction Scale (SAS). PloS One, 8(2), e56936. https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0056936
Marsh, A. A., Stoycos, S. A., Brethel-Haurwitz, K. M., Robinson, P., VanMeter, J. W., & Cardinale, E. M. (2014). Neural and cognitive characteristics of extraordinary altruists. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 111(42), 15036–15041. https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.1408440111
McKee-Ryan, F., Song, Z., Wanberg, C. R., & Kinicki, A. J. (2005). Psychological and physical wellbeing during unemployment: a meta-analytic study. Journal of applied psychology, 90(1), 53. https://psycnet.apa.org/journals/apl/90/1/53/
Montag, C., Lachmann, B., Herrlich, M., & Zweig, K. (2019). Addictive Features of Social Media/Messenger Platforms and Freemium Games against the Background of Psychological and Economic Theories. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health/International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(14), 2612. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16142612
Nayak, R. D., & Padmashali, A. (2020). Prevalence of Inattention among School Children with Excessive Smart Phone Use. International Journal of Humanities and Social Science Invention. http://dx.doi.org/10.35629/7722-0908015357
Niu, G., Shi, X., Zhang, Z., Yang, W., Jin, S., & Sun, X. (2022). Can smartphone presence affect cognitive function? The moderating role of fear of missing out. Computers in Human Behavior, 136, 107399. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2022.107399
Olson, J. A., Sandra, D. A., Colucci, É. S., Bikaii, A. A., Chmoulevitch, D., Nahas, J., Raz, A., & Veissière, S. P. (2022). Smartphone addiction is increasing across the world: A meta-analysis of 24 countries. Computers in Human Behavior, 129, 107138. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2021.107138
Rohleder, N. (2014). Stimulation of Systemic Low-Grade Inflammation by Psychosocial Stress. Psychosomatic Medicine, 76(3), 181–189. https://doi.org/10.1097/psy.0000000000000049
Rosen, L., Lim, A., Felt, J., Carrier, L., Cheever, N., Lara-Ruiz, J., Mendoza, J., & Rokkum, J. (2014). Media and technology use predicts ill-being among children, preteens and teenagers independent of the negative health impacts of exercise and eating habits. Computers in Human Behavior, 35, 364–375. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2014.01.036
Shmerling, R. H., MD. (2020, January 21). Is your cell phone dangerous to your health? Harvard Health. https://www.health.harvard.edu/blog/is-your-cell-phone-dangerous-to-your health2020012118697
Thomée, S., Härenstam, A., & Hagberg, M. (2011b). Mobile phone use and stress, sleep disturbances, and symptoms of depression among young adults - a prospective cohort study. BMC Public Health, 11(1). https://doi.org/10.1186/1471-2458-11-66
Van Cauter, E., Spiegel, K., Tasali, E., & Leproult, R. (2008). Metabolic consequences of sleep and sleep loss. Sleep Medicine, 9, S23–S28. https://doi.org/10.1016/s1389-9457(08)70013-3
Wingo, A. P., Wrenn, G., Pelletier, T., Gutman, A. R., Bradley, B., & Ressler, K. J. (2010). Moderating effects of resilience on depression in individuals with a history of childhood abuse or trauma exposure. Journal of Affective Disorders, 126(3), 411–414. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jad.2010.04.009
Downloads
Published
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Amna Ijaz, Hifza Imran
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0 International License.